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The SNPs EthnoAncestry have developed plus the earlier ones discovered at Stanford help parse perhaps 60% of R1b1c (defined by M269) into one of several subgroups- each having their own common ancestor who in turn was a descendant of the man to have the M269 mutation. M37, M65, M126 and M160 are rare markers which were discovered in Australia, Spain and Europeans, respectively. M153 originated in Spain and is observed among Latinos in the New World. SRY2627 (M167) also arose in Spain and is also observed in SW England and Ireland at very low frequencies. M222 has recently been shown by EthnoAncestry to mark the "Irish" subgroup of R1b, characterizing the series of Irish surnames associated with the Ui Neill lineage of Northwest Ireland (descendants of Niall of the Nine Hostages) and deeper relatives, including a significant proportion of people in the West of Scotland, via the Dalriadic migration. P66 was detected in a sample from Italy. It has only been observed once to date, although this marker has been tested much less often than the others. S21, is very common, approximately 25% of M269-carrying Western European males are in this group. The marker has been observed in males from many parts of Europe: Norway, Italy, Germany, England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Around 40% of men in Northern Holland carry the marker! S21 defines a subgroup in which there are two additional informative SNPs, S26 and S29 (see map popup). The “Frisian” group of R1b is S21+, as are many other subgroups. S26 is the SNP in the primer binding site responsible for the null allele at DYS439 which was first recognised by Leo Little. It is a subgroup of the S21 group and appears to have a concentration in England. S29 is a rare marker found in the Germanic areas of the North European plain, as well as England, where it would have been brought by Anglo-Saxons among others.. S28 is the second most common subtype of R1b. Just under 10% of the M269-carrying Western European males are in this group. It has been observed in Greece, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, Poland, Norway and the Netherlands. It is also present in Scotland, Wales and England. S116 a very recently discovered group which appears to define descendents of the Iberian glacial refuge S145 the most recent addition, which appears to demonstrate a paternal link to the earliest inhabitants of Britain and Ireland, a marker of the Celtic-speaking people
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